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Construction

Table 1: Alternative processes to avoid/reduce use of vibrating equipment

This table identifies alternative methods for specified high risk activities or processes; and links to further information and case studies.

Activity or process Alternative methods Further information (links)
Tunnelling by hand with clay spade or jigger pick. Mechanised tunnelling methods, to eliminate hand digging. This is expected for all but the smallest tunnelling jobs.

British Tunnelling Society, preparing a code of practice[61]

Tunnelling and Pipejacking: Guidance for Designers (PDF) [62]

Breaking concrete, asphalt, etc. with hand-operated breakers in ground work, road maintenance, etc.

Demolition of concrete/masonry using hand-held hammers/breakers

Plan construction work (eg casting-in ducts, detail box-outs) to minimise breaking through new concrete/masonry.

Use alternative method/equipment as appropriate:

  • machine-mounted hydraulic breakers

  • floor saws

  • directional drilling/pipe jacking to avoid trenching

  • hydraulic crushers

  • hydraulic bursters

  • diamond core drilling

  • diamond wire cutting

  • hydro-demolition (UHP water jetting)

Construction Industry Council guidance [63]

Mounted breaker [64]

Directional drilling[65]


Crushing concrete [66]

Bursting concrete [67]

Diamond wire cutting [68]


Water jetting[69]


Codes of Practice from the Water jetting Association [70]

Pile cropping using hand-held hammers/breakers

Pile cap removal using hand-operated breakers is not acceptable. Use alternative method as appropriate:

  • Elliott method
  • Recipieux method
  • suspended hydraulic pile cropper
  • the above alternatives to hand-operated breakers, especially machine-mounted breakers
  • design pile spacing and pile re-bar for mechanised cropping

Note: some dressing using hand-operated tools may still be required.

Pile cropping. A review of current practice (HSE Inspector information leaflet, Aug 02) (PDF) [71]

Scabbling using:

needle scalers

hammer type scabblers

pole type scabblers

Scabbling purely for architectural aesthetic effect is not acceptable. Specify finishes that do not require scabbling. (Some finishes can be designed into shuttering using special moulds or chemical retardants and water jetting.)

Surface preparation to ensure a good concrete bond. Use alternative methods where technically appropriate:

  • grit blasting (wet or dry)
  • use of chemical retarders and pressure washing
  • cast in proprietary joint formers eg mesh formwork
  • UHP water blasting (refer to COP for safety guidance)

Example: grit blasting
[72]Example: paint-on retarder
[73]Example: special formwork
[74]Codes of Practice from the Water jetting Association[75]

Wall chasing using hand-held breakers
  • in new buildings, specify built-in ducting
  • in existing buildings, consider overcoating existing plaster and building in the ducts

Construction Industry Council guidance [76]

Drilling masonry/concrete using:

electric hammer drills or "combihammers"

Design and plan to avoid unnecessary drilling. Use, where appropriate:

  • jig-mounted drilling
  • diamond core drilling (clamped in rig)
  • cast-in anchors and channels for wall fixings instead of drill-and-fix types
  • use of direct fastening tools


Note 1: changes of process to eliminate or reduce vibration may introduce other hazards to health (eg noise, dust) or safety which must be addressed and managed (eg hazards associated with lifting operations in some mechanised methods for pile cap removal).

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Table 2: Management of HAV risks where use of vibrating equipment is unavoidable

Issue Expectation References and related guidance
Selection of work equipment

Tool selection can make a substantial difference to the vibration level but the tool must be suitable for the task and used correctly.

Employers should demonstrate a sound procurement policy for power tools and hand-guided machines, showing they have considered the following:

  • There is no reasonably practicable alternative method with no (or less) vibration exposure (see Table 1)
  • Equipment is generally suitable for the job (safety, size, power, efficiency, ergonomics, cost, user acceptability, etc.)
  • Reduced vibration designs are selected provided the tools are otherwise suitable (eg breakers with handle suspension)
  • Declared vibration emission is not high compared with competing machines of similar capacity to do the job
  • Information on likely vibration emission in use (eg from manufacturer, hire company, databases)
  • Available information from the manufacturer or elsewhere on control of vibration risks through:
    • maintenance (eg servicing grinders, sharpening drills and chisels)
    • selection of consumables (abrasive discs, chisels, drills, etc.)
    • correct operation and operator training (see below)
    • maximum daily trigger times or maximum daily work done with the tool

Selecting equipment [77]


Employers' leaflet on HAV[78]

Limiting daily exposure time

Restricting exposure time ("finger-on-trigger" time) may be required to bring exposures below the ELV, even after all reasonably practicable measures to reduce vibration levels are in place.

Maximum times can be determined using the exposure points system or supplier's "traffic lights" tool categories, but these should be derived from sound "real use" vibration emission values.

Note: Employers tend to ask "How long can we use this tool?" The exposure must be reduced to the lowest level that is reasonably practicable (Reg 6(2)), so the ELV should not be used as a target, if a lower exposure is reasonably practicable.

Reduce the period of exposure[79]

Other risk controls

Control of HAVS risk by means other than reducing vibration exposure:

  • Ergonomic aids support weight of tool and reduce forces applied by operator
  • Suitable workplace temperature or provision of warm clothing and gloves
  • Regular breaks from work involving vibration and encourage operators to exercise fingers

Gloves and warm clothing [80]

Other measures [81]


Employees' leaflet on HAV[82]

Information, instruction and training

Employees at risk from vibration should have received information on:

  • the risks from HAV and how to help reduce them (see above)
  • arrangements for health surveillance and their duty to cooperate.

Look for evidence that tools are being used correctly, as recommended by the manufacturer. This may require operators to receive specified training – are operators and their supervisors aware of the need? In particular, breakers with suspended (sprung) handles designed to absorb vibration must be used correctly, and with appropriate force, or the potential reduction in vibration will not be achieved.

Employees' leaflet on HAV[83]


Information and training[84]

Example: training provided by breaker manufacturer [85]

Health surveillance

Required where the EAV is likely to be exceeded. Expect to see, as a minimum:

  • use of a periodic health screening questionnaire – ideally annually and for new employees
  • arrangements for referral of relevant cases to an occupational health provider with HAVS expertise for diagnosis and ongoing monitoring
  • arrangements to receive medical advice on management of affected employees
  • arrangements for RIDDOR reporting of HAVS cases
  • arrangements to receive anonymised information to demonstrate effectiveness of controls although this may not be meaningful for casual/short-term workers

In construction, short-term employment presents difficulties for managing health surveillance; cooperation between employers should be encouraged.

Employers' leaflet on HAV[86]

Health surveillance guidance [87]

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Link URLs in this page

  1. Vibrationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/index.htm
  2. Hand arm vibrationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/index.htm
  3. About this websitehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/about.htm
  4. Key messageshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/keymessages.htm
  5. Worried about your handshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/yourhands.htm
  6. Overview - Advice for employershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/index.htm
  7. Employers responsibilitieshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/responsibilities.htm
  8. Assess riskhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/assessrisks.htm
  9. Overview - How to protect workershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/protect.htm
  10. Control riskhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/controlrisks.htm
  11. Information and traininghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/information.htm
  12. Health surveillancehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/healthsurveillance.htm
  13. Overview - Good practicehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/index.htm
  14. Overview - Foundrieshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/index.htm
  15. Eliminate fettling by improving casting qualityhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/fettlingelimination.htm
  16. Machining as a substitute for fettlinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/machining.htm
  17. Automatic fettlinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/automaticfettling.htm
  18. Jig-mounting of grindershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/jigmounting.htm
  19. Semi-automatic cut off machinehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/cutoffmachine.htm
  20. Isolated casting cut offhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/isolatedcasting.htm
  21. Installation of hydraulic cropping machinehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/hydrauliccropping.htm
  22. Shell knockout 1https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/castingshell.htm
  23. Shell knockout 2https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/contactcastingshell.htm
  24. Hydraulic pushouthttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/furnaceliningremoval.htm
  25. Ladle slag chippinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/foundries/chippingslag.htm
  26. Overview - Constructionhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/index.htm
  27. Preparing a code of practicehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/tunnelling.htm
  28. Construction Industry Council guidancehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/cicguidance.htm
  29. Mounted breakerhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/mountedroadbreaker.htm
  30. Directional drillinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/directionaldrilling.htm
  31. Crushing concretehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/crushingconcrete.htm
  32. Bursting concretehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/burstingconcrete.htm
  33. Diamond wire cuttinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/diamondwire.htm
  34. Water jettinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/waterjetting.htm
  35. Codes of Practice from the Water Jetting Associationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/codeofpractice.htm
  36. Grit blastinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/gritblasting.htm
  37. Paint-on retarderhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/paintonmaterial.htm
  38. Special formworkhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/specialformwork.htm
  39. Overview - Steel fabricationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/index.htm
  40. Machininghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/cncmachining.htm
  41. Laser cuttinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/lasercutter.htm
  42. Plasma cuttinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/plasmacutting.htm
  43. Noise reduction in the ship repair industry – research report 1992https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/noisereduction.htm
  44. Abrasive blastershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/fabrication/abrasiveblasters.htm
  45. Overview - Regulationshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/regulations.htm
  46. Inspector briefinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/inspectorbriefing.htm
  47. Overview - Resourceshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/information.htm
  48. Publicationshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/publications.htm
  49. Researchhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/research.htm
  50. Statisticshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/statistics.htm
  51. Useful linkshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/links.htm
  52. Vibration calculatorhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/calculator-guide.htm
  53. Overview - Case studieshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/casestudies/index.htm
  54. (HAVS) in two motor companieshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/casestudies/enforceex.htm
  55. Monitoring exposure to Hand-Arm Vibrationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/casestudies/mhav-carlwest.htm
  56. Overview - Supply project eventshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/project-events.htm
  57. Controlling vibrationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/controlling-vibration.htm
  58. Q & A on hand toolshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/hand-tools-qa.htm
  59. Q & A on using a vibration consultanthttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/qa-consultant.htm
  60. Q & A on health surveillancehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/qa-surveillance.htm
  61. British Tunnelling Society, preparing a code of practicehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/tunnelling.htm
  62. Tunnelling and Pipejacking: Guidance for Designershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/pdf/pjaguidance.pdf
  63. Construction Industry Council guidance https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/cicguidance.htm
  64. Mounted breaker https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/mountedroadbreaker.htm
  65. Directional drillinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/directionaldrilling.htm
  66. Crushing concrete https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/crushingconcrete.htm
  67. Bursting concrete https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/burstingconcrete.htm
  68. Diamond wire cutting https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/diamondwire.htm
  69. Water jettinghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/waterjetting.htm
  70. Codes of Practice from the Water jetting Association https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/codeofpractice.htm
  71. Pile cropping. A review of current practice (HSE Inspector information leaflet, Aug 02)https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/assets/docs/pilecrop.pdf
  72. Example: grit blasting https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/gritblasting.htm
  73. Example: paint-on retarder https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/paintonmaterial.htm
  74. Example: special formwork https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/specialformwork.htm
  75. Codes of Practice from the Water jetting Associationhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/codeofpractice.htm
  76. Construction Industry Council guidance https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/cicguidance.htm
  77. Selecting equipment https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/selectingequipment.htm
  78. Employers' leaflet on HAVhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg175.htm
  79. Reduce the period of exposurehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/exposureperiod.htm
  80. Gloves and warm clothing https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/warmclothing.htm
  81. Other measures https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/othermeasures.htm
  82. Employees' leaflet on HAVhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg296.htm
  83. Employees' leaflet on HAVhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg296.htm
  84. Information and traininghttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/informationandtraining.htm
  85. Example: training provided by breaker manufacturer https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/campaign/construction/operatortraining.htm
  86. Employers' leaflet on HAVhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg175.htm
  87. Health surveillance guidance https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/healthsurveillance.htm
  88. Tunnelling and Pipejacking: Guidance for Designers https://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/pdf/pjaguidance.pdf
  89. Pile cropping. A review of current practice https://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/assets/docs/pilecrop.pdf
  90. Hand-arm vibration at work: A brief guide https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg175.htm
  91. Advice for employershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/index.htm
  92. Regulationshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/regulations.htm
  93. How to protect workershttps://www.hse.gov.uk/vIBRAtIon/hav/advicetoemployers/protect.htm
  94. Constructionhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/index.htm
  95. Engineeringhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/engineering/index.htm
  96. Motor vehicle repairhttps://www.hse.gov.uk/mvr/index.htm
  97. Noisehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/noise/index.htm
  98. Quarrieshttps://www.hse.gov.uk/quarries/index.htm
  99. Agriculturehttps://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/index.htm

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2024-08-01